The Chrysler Takeover Attempt - Case Solution. - 1014 Words

Case 2 – The Chrysler Takeover Attempt 1. Evaluate Chrysler’s financial and operating performance between 1980 and 1992. What financial and investment policies did they pursue and why? How successful were they? During the early 1980s Chrysler recovered from a severe enterprise crisis in 1978. Vehicle sales grew stable from 1980 to 1986 (with a small stagnation in 1982). In 1983 they grew much stronger than the U.S.-vehicle market and their competitors. This reflected in a steady earnings growth and Chrysler was able to repay a granted government loan 7 years earlier than initially scheduled. In 1987 their vehicle sales declined, due to a lack of investments in new product lines, Chrysler had no major new car developments in the†¦show more content†¦However, (already anticipating findings of the following questions), a higher leverage would increase the value of the company severely. * 3. What is the intrinsic value of a share of Chrysler stock? How does that value compare to the market’s valuation? * The intrinsic value of a share, based on the Net Present Value of a 10 year Cash Flow projection plus Terminal Value calculation would be $86.23. This is an excess of $31.23/share compared to the Kerkorian offer of $55. * The intrinsic value calculation is based on the following main assumptions: * Moderate sales growth rate of ~3.5% per annum * EXCEPTION: Assumed crisis in 2002 which leads to a sales decline of 20% for Chrysler. Historical data suggests some evidence that there is a decline in automotive sales every 4-6 years. Otherwise the Intrinsic value p er share would be even higher * Please refer to the Excel sheet for detailed calculations/assumptions. * 4. Why is Chrysler a takeover target? Would there be any value created by a takeover? Chrysler has a significant amount of $7.5 billion cash reserve. Holding excessive cash reserves make companies an attractive takeover target, because parts of the deal can be financed through the cash reserves. Chrysler argued that the cash was necessary for overcoming the next downturn period. Kerkorian on the other hand says that this amount of cash is far tooShow MoreRelatedChrysler - Case Study10414 Words   |  42 PagesCHRYSLER CORPORATION: NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN DAIMLER AND CHRYSLER âˆâ€" In January 1998, Jà ¼rgen Schrempp, CEO of Daimler-Benz A.G., approached Chrysler Corporation Chairman and CEO, Robert Eaton, about a possible merger, acquisition, or deep strategic alliance between their two firms. Schrempp argued that: The two companies are a perfect fit of two leaders in their respective markets. Both companies have dedicated and skilled work forces and successful products, but in different markets and differentRead MoreChrysler in Trouble5968 Words   |  24 Pagesexpansion since the late 1900s. 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Changing Interaction of Finance, Information and Technology Research Paper

Essays on Changing Interaction of Finance, Information and Technology Research Paper ï » ¿Changing Interaction of Finance, Information and Technology Introduction The Sarbanes Oxley Act was introduced in the year 2002 to govern the reporting standards of publicly traded companies. The Act was introduced as a result of several fraudulent activities by well known corporate giants like Enron and WorldCom. Most of these frauds were accounting related. As fraudulent activities by these companies resulted in huge losses for investors, Securities and Exchange Commission initiated and introduced the Act in 2002. Thus, the major objective of the Act is to prevent accounting frauds and improve the financial reporting standards and corporate governance of companies. Every function of a company works in close association with the IT department. IT departments service is of equal importance to all other departments of a company. Be it the payroll maintenance of the HR department or stock data maintenance of the purchase department. Thus any change in the functional aspects of any of these functions will also affect the IT department. Sarbanes Oxley Act has made many changes in the accounting report standards. That means equal challenges are thrown to the IT managers of a company as is to its finance managers. This essay is intended to analyze the impact of the Act on the IT department of a company. The main body of the essay will analyze the impact of the Act on IT department. Based on this a conclusion is made in the next part. Impact on IT department when the Act is fully implemented When the Act is fully implemented, public companies will have to comply with several requirements of the Act. This involves compliance in the form of method of accounts preparation and also the method of its reporting. This is a challenge for the IT department. The first and foremost challenge is the cost involved. Many organizations have already constructed IT systems which may not be suitable for the new reporting process. There are many small companies that have still not fully implemented the Act. It is more challenging for them as constructing an entirely new IT system involve huge cost. Another major impact of Sarbanes Oxley Act is on the IT security or information security. â€Å"When drafted, the writers of the Act did not have IT security in mind. As time has passed, and compliance efforts have been initiated, organizations have begun to realize that without a certain level of assurance regarding IT security controls, compliance is not possible.† (Byrum, 2003) Complia nce with the Act also involves keeping the financial information confidential and thus maintaining the integrity of the data. This is a very big challenge for the IT managers of an organization. Data security systems of an organization are to be monitored continuously because it is always under threat from external forces. Now it is the responsibility of the IT managers to ensure that the financial information of the company is being protected from any such threat. In the event of the data being stolen by any other external force, IT mangers will also be questioned along with other directors. Companies face several issues in IT controls. When an employee change the department, his access to the previous system was not barred properly. Compliance with the Act creates duplication of activities. After an audit log is done another audit log will have to be done by the company to prove that an audit log was done. (Worthen, 2005) SOX puts forward a big challenge to companies in terms of training expenses. Most of the IT systems of the companies are very complicated. Many IT employees find it difficult to understand the complicated system. Thus the employees are to be properly trained in order to equip them with best knowledge of the system. Compliance to SOX is not a simple process. Besides the Act being mandatory, many companies fail in the SOX Audit process. The reasons are many. The main reason for the failure is that companies view it as a onetime process in a year. Activities are done only when the time for reporting approaches. A strategic-integrated approach to reporting is not adopted by companies. This reduces the efficiency of the process as activities are done within limited time frame. This means that there is less planning involved. Therefore, companies should view compliance as a continuous process. Another reason is that there is no proper control procedures adopted by companies. The control procedures to be adopted by a company are not documented anywhere. This results in an ambiguity about the processes. (Cote, 2008) Conclusion The previous part of the essay has given a brief idea about the impact of SOX on the IT department. As compliance become mandatory, the IT managers are put into great pressure. For a compliance to be effective, it is not only necessary that the financial records are error free but also they are prepared and communicated through proper IT system. In this scenario it is to be noted that there are few questions that is yet to be resolved about the impact of SOX on IT Management. The main among them is the lack of guidance on the type of reporting system. Though the Act lay down that proper compliance should be done, it does not properly address the impact on IT department. No standards are specified for the system requirements. The second major issue is the huge cost in changing the system to make it up-to-date as per the compliance requirements. The third issue is that the Act does not give any information to a company with regard to adopting an integrated approach. Companies are not m andated to adopt such strategy. If these problems are addressed properly, IT managers of a company will be kept at better position. Works cited Scott , Byrum. (2003). The impact of Sarbanes Oxley Act on IT Security. Retrieved from http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/casestudies/impact-sarbanes-oxley-act-security_1344 Ben, Worthen. (2005). The Top Five IT Control Weaknesses. Retrieved from http://www.cio.com/article/8097/_The_Top_Five_IT_Control_Weaknesses Bryan, Cote. (2008). Failed Audit? Retrieved from http://www.s-ox.com/dsp_getFeaturesDetails.cfm?CID=2022 Thomas, Hoffman. (2005). More Companies Tap IT for Sarbanes-Oxley. Retrieved from http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/105463/More_Companies_Tap_IT_for_Sarbanes_Oxley?taxonomyId=018

The Secret Circle The Divide Chapter 22 Free Essays

Cassie lay awake staring up at the canopy cascading down from her four-poster bed. She observed the sun reflecting off the pewter candlesticks upon the mantel and off the china clock on the opposite wall. At times she still felt like a stranger in this room, as if she were at an extended slumber party at some other girl’s house. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 22 or any similar topic only for you Order Now When Cassie didn’t get out of bed at her regular time, her mother knocked on her door gently with her knuckles. â€Å"You’re going to be late for school,† her mother said, letting herself into the light-filled room. Cassie didn’t bother to say she didn’t feel well. She didn’t bother to speak at all. In fact, she was nearly catatonic in her motionless silence. â€Å"You don’t look so good,† her mother said, squinting with concern. â€Å"Are you sick?† Cassie had been avoiding her mother since the night she found out she had a sister. She knew if she confronted her about it, her mother would only try to explain it away like she did everything else. So instead, Cassie held the secret close to her chest, like a concealed weapon. Her mother felt her forehead. Fretfully, she examined Cassie’s eyes and the flushness of her skin. â€Å"I don’t think you’re running a temperature,† she said. Her long dark hair, pulled back from her face, made her appear even paler and thinner than usual, and Cassie appear even paler and thinner than usual, and Cassie worried that her mother was actually the one who wasn’t well. But as much as Cassie wanted to open up to her mother and tell her everything that was going on, she couldn’t. She wasn’t ready to forgive her yet. â€Å"I’m not going to school today,† Cassie said bluntly, making it clear she was in no way asking permission to stay home. But her mother didn’t argue. â€Å"I’ll make you a hot cup of tea,† she said. â€Å"I don’t want any tea.† â€Å"Okay then, no tea.† She retrieved an extra blanket from the mahogany chest in the corner, shook it out, and covered Cassie with it lovingly. â€Å"Is everything all right, Cassie? Are you angry at me about something?† Cassie turned onto her side, away from her mother. â€Å"I’m not angry,† she said to the window. â€Å"I’m tired. Will you close the door on your way out?† Her mother made no sound for a few seconds, but Cassie could sense her deliberating, whether she should push her daughter to talk to her when she knew something was wrong or let it go and give her the space she asked for. â€Å"Please,† Cassie said, to help her along. â€Å"Can you just go and let me rest?† Her mother inhaled and then exhaled deeply. It was the sound of resignation. â€Å"Okay,† she said. â€Å"Let me know if you need anything. I’ll make some soup for lunch later.† She made her way out of the room without another word. made her way out of the room without another word. Cassie couldn’t have felt more alone once the door clicked shut. Her mom was a stranger to her and, as if that weren’t enough, Adam had sided against her at their last meeting, and Diana felt like more of an enemy than a friend. Cassie had no one to turn to. She got out of bed and went to the window. The sight of the jewel-blue water always soothed her, but it looked cool and lonely to her today. I have to find some way to save Scarlett, Cassie thought. No matter what it takes. What good was it being a witch if Cassie couldn’t use her powers? Then again, how much power did she have without the full Circle behind her? A shiver ran up her spine as she stared out at the ocean, but no answers came to her. She perceived the immeasurable span of the water and its waves, but her internal rhythm didn’t synch to it the way it usually did. For once, it didn’t appear to her that the sky and sea were waiting, watching, and listening to her. She began to feel feverish, achy, and clammy. You’re not actually sick, she told herself, but she still returned to bed and buried herself deep within her covers. Minutes passed, maybe an hour, but she couldn’t rest. Every time she drifted toward a loose, mind-numbing sleep, she’d startle awake. How could she allow herself to rest at a time like this? Her Book of Shadows was in arm’s reach within her nightstand drawer. She pulled it out and paged through it, searching for some hint or clue as to what to do next. But she knew deep down there were no magical shortcuts. She would have to go to Cape Cod and battle the hunters herself. It was the only way. She could die trying, and she knew it, but she couldn’t think of a better reason to die. Her thoughts were interrupted then by another knock at her bedroom door, this time louder and less gentle. â€Å"Mom, I’m sleeping,† she called out. â€Å"It’s Adam,† said the voice behind the door. Cassie didn’t tell him to come in, but he turned the knob and opened the door anyway. â€Å"Your mom said you weren’t feeling well,† he said, closing the door behind him. Cassie watched him with indifference. â€Å"I’m fine,† she said. He kicked off his shoes and sat on the bed beside her. Something glistened in his eyes that made Cassie realize he was going to try to sweet talk her. â€Å"I don’t recall telling you to make yourself comfortable,† she said. He didn’t flinch. â€Å"I get it, Cassie. You’re angry with me. But please hear me out.† Cassie made no reply. Adam took that as his cue to continue. â€Å"You know I’m always on your side,† he said. â€Å"And I want to save Scarlett just as much as you do. We all do.† â€Å"Then there shouldn’t be a problem,† Cassie said. â€Å"We all want the same thing.† Adam furrowed his brow. â€Å"I wasn’t finished,† he said. â€Å"I want to save Scarlett, but I’m worried about how this is playing out. And I don’t want you, or any of us, to get hurt.† â€Å"This is beginning to sound like a broken record, Adam. All anyone talks about is how dangerous everything is, how we can’t perform magic, how we can’t go after the hunters. I’m beginning to think Faye is right. This Circle is a bunch of cowards.† Adam pitched forward slightly, as if Cassie had socked him in the gut. â€Å"I’m not a coward,† he said. Prove it, she wanted to say, but she felt a spasm of self-reproach. Battering Adam would get her nowhere. There would be no convincing him to see this her way. â€Å"I’m not a coward,† Adam said again, tightly, and for a moment Cassie glimpsed something in him that she found frightening. A commanding power that always lay dormant inside him. If only she could harness that power to work for her rather than against her on this. Cassie knew deep within her soul how powerful the Circle actually was when they worked together. They didn’t need to rely on a protection spell to keep them safe. Why couldn’t Adam see that? â€Å"I can’t talk about this with you now,† Cassie said. â€Å"I need some time to myself. To think.† Adam stood up. His eyes turned as dark as the sky in a storm. â€Å"I love you,† he said. â€Å"And if you have to be upset with me in order to prove that love, that’s fine. But I’m not willing to lose you.† He put his hands on his hips. The sun glimmering through the window brought out all the different colors in his hair, the shining waves of red mixed with brown and gold. â€Å"If time is what you want, okay,† he said. â€Å"I’ll be here when you’re ready. But I have one request.† He paused to make sure Cassie was listening carefully to him. â€Å"What’s your request?† she asked, still not returning his gaze. â€Å"Don’t do anything rash without talking to the Circle first.† Cassie buckled. That wasn’t exactly a fair thing to ask of her. â€Å"Promise me,† he said. She made the mistake then of looking into Adam’s pained, loving eyes. He wasn’t a coward. He was a good, brave soul, and he always wanted the best for everyone. â€Å"Please,† he said. â€Å"Don’t do anything reckless.† Cassie was no less angry with him than she was when he arrived, but she also loved him with all her heart. And she was powerless against the urge to put his troubled mind at ease. â€Å"I promise,† she said. But she knew it was a promise she probably couldn’t keep. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Divide Chapter 22, Essay examples

Work Motivation in Organizational Environmental †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Work Motivation in Organizational Environmental. Answer: Introduction: According to Morelli, environmental sustainability entails the process of taking actions and making decisions with the major interest and focus on ensuring that the natural world is protected. When it comes to environmental sustainability, much of the emphasis is placed on the preservation of the environment as it supports human life. For an organization, environmental sustainability involves making decisions which are responsible so that the business adverse effect to the environment is reduced. To ensure this is possible, environmental sustainability does not involve itself with less energy consumption and reduction of waste but rather focuses on developing processes which eventually ensure that the company is fully sustainable in the future. Organizational behavior according Pinder is the study of groups and individuals in an organization with a focus on how the organization is playing a role in shaping the social and economic well-being of the societies around it (Pinder 2014). Organizational behavior entails various aspects and topics including organizational design, institutional change, corporate governance, innovation, and teamwork. Environmental sustainability influence the organizational behavior by improving the image of the brand together with its competitive advantage. According to Tilman, David and Micheal, more than 60,000 consumers in the United States make a consideration of the companys impact on the environment before buying a specific good or service (Tilman, David Micheal 2014, 520). Another influence is that investors and employees will be attracted because of the positive values. Productivity is also increased due to a reduction in waste and additionally, sustainability ensures that the business has the ability to be in compliance with regulations. Organizational Culture and its effect on environmental sustainability The organizational culture is a system of shared beliefs, customs, values and assumptions which govern the way people behave in an organization (Alvesson, Mats Stefan 2015). These beliefs, values, and customs heavily influence the people in the organization to perform their tasks, act, and dress. A positive impact of organizational culture on environmental sustainability is seen where it influences the development of the individuals values system on the environment. Organizational culture has been identified as a factor enhancing the pro-environmental behavior of employees in an organization (Alvesson Mats 2016). With enough training on environmental management and sustainability, the employees and members of an organization will develop a common understanding of the environmental values and it will become or improve on its existing environmentally sustainable business activities. The following recommendations if implemented individually or collectively has the possibility of ensuring that clients, employees, the management and the board are fully sensitized on environmental sustainability as an issue. Create the position of a sustainability or recycling coordinator Improve communication by developing a website and Android or iOS application on sustainability Make a public commitment to the sustainability of the environment Uphold the infusion of principles of environmental sustainability Continue to support the current or implement new energy management initiatives Bibliography Alvesson, Mats, and Stefan Sveningsson. Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge, 2015. Alvesson, Mats, ed. Organizational culture. Sage, 2016. Morelli, John. "Environmental sustainability: A definition for environmental professionals." Journal of environmental sustainability 1, no. 1 (2013): 2. Pinder, Craig C. Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press, 2014. Tilman, David, and Michael Clark. "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health." Nature 515, no. 7528 (2014): 518-522.

Corporate strategy Essay Example

Corporate strategy Essay Content Question 1 P. ii-iii Using Michael Porter’s five force theoretical account. measure the importance of Barriers to Entry to the fast-fashion industry. Support your statements with grounds from the instance survey. Question 2 P. iv-vi Conduct a value concatenation analysis to measure H A ; M’s capablenesss and deduce its nucleus competences. Question 3 P. seven Based on these competences identify the generic competitory scheme which H A ; M is prosecuting. Question 4 P. viii-ix It is suggested in the instance survey that the manner industry is full of companies that have confidently expanded into international markets but subsequently have been forced to withdraw. Analyze the international scheme pick being pursued by H A ; M and measure the extent to which this is appropriate for its hereafter development. Reference P. x Appendix P. xi-xii We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Question 1 The menace of entry of the fast-fashion industry is associating to its attraction. which is how profitable it is. The less new entrants are in the industry. the more stable the gross of the houses are. Hence. several beginnings of barriers to entry are puting up in most of the industries to take down the menace of new entrants. Product distinction of a house can do themselves being alone from other subdivisions which brings with a certain sum of loyal clients to them. Due to the economic growing. people are willing to pass non merely for necessity. but besides for fashionable life manner. The singularity of the merchandise go one of the most of import advantages to increase their customers’ trueness. The entry barrier will be higher with merchandise distinction. Access to channels of supply and distribution is really of import in the fast manner industry. With the rapid development of Internet. 1000s of providers in the fast-fashion industry can be found in a 2nd. In order to construct up comparative advantage. retail merchants tend to happen out provider who provide the best quality with the least cost. Since larger houses can construct up a good relationship with providers easy. due to the volume of orders and repute of houses. new entrants are hard to vie with them with their concern size and bargaining power. H A ; M. one of the major retail merchant in the fast-fashion industry. she worked with 747 providers in which 150 of them are long-run strategic spouses. It is hard for the possible entrants to vie with her as they have been collaborate for long clip. Economies of graduated table is an of import barrier for the fast-fashion industry. It is because the larger the house size. the easier the degree of efficiency can accomplish. The maximal volume of production supports increasing for mills due to the betterment of engineering. Mass production by big houses enables them to to the full use their production capacity where little shops can non. Besides. they are more capable to outsource their production in low-wage part. like Africa and South Asia. which lower their production cost. Furthermore. big house are easier in constructing trade names in multiple mercantile establishments. like GU for UNIQLO. As there are several bing major retail merchants are in the industry. the expected revenge makes the new companies hard to come in the industry. Since the major retail merchants are in good relationship with their provider and a greater extent in economic systems of graduated table. They are able to assail new entrants with different scheme. like cutting monetary values. The capital demand to come in the fast-fashion industry is low. The major ground is that the industry is free to come in. There are a tonss of individual independent shop in the industry which they can take their merchandises from 1000s of providers and sell to clients through different ways. The low capital demand makes new companies enter the industry easier. There are no barriers erected by the authorities to come in the industry. As it is freely entryway. it enables new rivals to come in the industry easy. In decision. although the fast-fashion industry are free to come in with low capital spending. the entry barrier are still high since the bing major retail merchant can supply differentiate merchandises with entree to channels of provider and distribution. They besides enjoy a greater economic systems of graduated table which enable them to assail new entrants in different ways. Question 2 There are many activities involved in running a concern. both primary and secondary. which add value to the client and increases the border to the organisation. In the H A ; M instance. there are besides involve several activities which signifiers core competences for the houses. Primary activities comprise operation. selling. service. outbound logistic and inward logistic. Operation in H A ; M tends to authorise their employees to do determinations. For case. the window show of each shop are guided but each shop can hold their ain manner which build up the singularity of each shop to accommodate the features of clients in each part. In the facet of selling and societal media. H A ; M promote their fashionable design through different societal web. like Facebook and Twitter etc. Information will be dispersed rapidly through cyberspace as people used to portion their day-to-day lives to public on the net. It strengthens the societal consciousness of H A ; M. To heighten their service. H A ; M develop a smartphone app to advance their new aggregation and supply information about H A ; M. it convenient the clients. since most of the people are utilizing smartphone and client can easy garner information of H A ; M one time they have downloaded the app. It strengthen the relationship between itself and client. The logistic system of H A ; M are well-developed. H A ; M has an integrated logistic system which helps shops non to keep stock in their warehouse and reassign stock internally from different part. The system prevent the state of affairs that stock stuck in shops and enable shops to swift the point they need from other part to fulfill the client demands. The inbound logistic avoid the jobber which lower the cost. It is. nevertheless. the deficiency of jobber will increase the clip for happening the suited stuff or provider. The production cost may increase if a jobber is non hired. Secondary activities include steadfast substructure. human resource direction. engineering and procurance. The firm’s vision and mission set up an organisational civilization which is benefit to the house. Team work. entrepreneurial spirit and cost conscious are included in H A ; M’s nucleus values. Each activity are following these values that organisational ends can be easier to accomplish. The engineering of H A ; M adds value to the whole operation procedure of the houses. It builds up a channel between interior decorators and clients which designer can cognize about the latest tendency. It besides provides information to shops to cognize about the demands of clients for the Swift of stock. The production cost reduces with the aid of the engineering. The procurance of H A ; M reduces cost by diversifying their providers in different part around the universe. There are about 750 providers worked with H A ; M. They are from some low-wage part. like Far East. To guarantee quality of the production. H A ; M besides audit their provider to lodge with their aim of low cost. high quality . The human resource direction of H A ; M cultivate their staff to be responsible as a portion of their shop. It increases the trueness of the employees to H A ; M which they are willing to maximise the involvement of H A ; M. Besides. they hire people who fits the nucleus value of the houses. It strengthen the quality of staff and do certain they work with the firm’s nucleus value. Value concatenation exists if there are linkages among the activities supra. As the firm’s substructure defined the nucleus value of H A ; M that they belief in people and squad work. As a consequence. the human resource section have to engage people who has critical thought and train staff to construct up entrepreneurial spirit in their head. With the aid of the secondary activities. the decentalisation in operation can run swimmingly that staff will see them as a portion of the shop. IT expert were employed to develop an IT system by the human resources section since H A ; M values a changeless betterment. The development of engineering in H A ; M helps with the outbound logistics. As there is plan of is playing the top point in each shops. Directors can follow the information and fleet stock list from part that have excess stock of the point. Besides. the plan can refill stock when an point are traveling to be sold out that reduces the lead clip and the distribution cost. The engineering development in constructing up a smartphone app heighten the service to clients. It besides puting up a channel between interior decorators and shop for the latest tendency in the market to carry through customers’ demands. The app besides provide an chance for the selling section to advance the new aggregations. In order to ta ke down the production cost. a good procurance is of import. The merchandizer finds out many possible providers in different part around the universe. The IT section is involved in seeking and hive awaying the immense sum of information of the providers. Once the linkages are well-developed. nucleus competency will be generated. It besides can be examined by the VRIN trial. The operating manner of H A ; M of authorising staff for determination devising is a nucleus competence of H A ; M. As it is valuable to the house since the trueness of staff guarantee the efficiency of them and they are willing to maximise the gross revenues of their shop. It is rare. permutation and hard to copy for the trueness of staff since personality can non be duplicated. The logistic system of H A ; M is besides a nucleus competence of H A ; M. As the system can cut down distribution cost and fulfill the demand of client. Therefore. it is valuable to H A ; M. Besides. the cognition of the IT experts can non copy. The system is rare in the market as most of the houses transfer stock from warehouse to shops alternatively of inter-stores transportation. Besides. it is no substitutable due to the singularity of the distribution procedure from shop to hive away. In decision. there are many activities involved in the concern of H A ; M and they are linked to add value to the company. The operating manner and the logistic system go the nucleus competences of H A ; M finally. Question 3 Generic corporate scheme comprises the pick of take downing cost and distinction. There is a opportunity for a house to follow a loanblend scheme which integrated in both facets. Harmonizing to the treatment above. H A ; M’s are following a intercrossed scheme. H A ; M put a immense attempt into cut downing the production cost. For case. the logistic system. that is. the nucleus competence. cut down the distribution cost since the internal Swift of stock list are more efficient alternatively of the traditional transportation method from warehouse to shops. H A ; M besides cut downing the cost by basking the economic systems of graduated table since it outsourced to low-priced state in Far East and South Asia. With their mass production. the production cost will cut down. Despite of low cost. H A ; M besides pay attending to distinguish itself from other rivals. Since the direction doctrine is being Fashion and quality at the best price’ . Therefore. there are about 200 in-house interior decorators employed to plan to calculate the latest tendency and design to run into the client satisfaction. Besides. H A ; M audit the provider to guarantee the quality. With the high criterion of quality for the merchandises. H A ; M can distinguish from other rival with a comparatively sensible low monetary value. H A ; M follow an incorporate scheme to vie in the industry. The changeless betterment in engineering cut down the production cost and the cardinal value confirms their way to be different from others. Question 4 The Integrated Responsiveness Grid is a method to assist organisation to make up ones mind their international scheme. Through make fulling up the mark sheet. as shown in the appendix. H A ; M is able to place their international scheme. For the planetary factors. it is the mark of whether H A ; M should follow planetary scheme. In factor A. since the manner is a planetary tendency. design across are normally with non much difference. The lone factor affects the design is the imposts of each part. which have small influence on the design. Thus. a mark of 4 in A is awarded. In factor B. there are non much criterion for the industry. Thus. a mark of 2 in B is awarded. In factor C. client tends to purchase locally in the industry. However. there are besides telling service from other states. Therefore. a mark of 4 in C is awarded. In factor D. economic systems of graduated table is of import to the fast-fashion industry. Since the greater extend of economic systems of graduated table the house enjoy. the lower the mean production it is. Therefore. a mark of 5 in D is awarded. In factor E. due to the nature of the industry. a speedy response is needed to fulfill the clients due to the unpredictable manner tendency. Therefore. a mark of 5 in E is awarded. In factor F. proficient demand for fast-fashion is low. However. there is a small influence on the civilization factors for manner design. Thus. a mark of 2 in F is awarded. In factor G. since the market state of affairs in different parts are different. The operating method may non be the same among parts. However. the experience in other part can be as a mention for the new shops. Therefore. a mark of 3 in G is awarded. In factor H. there are a 1000s of little rivals in the fast-fashion industry who are concentrate the local market. However. there are several major rivals who pursue planetary scheme that is more influential to H A ; M. Thus. a mark of 4 in H is awarded. In factor I. client behaviour towards manner is more the less the same in different parts. However. the buying form may change due to the different buying power in different country. Thus. a mark of 3 in I is awarded. In factor J. creativeness is of import to manner industry which makes a immense demand in interior decorator that are the experts in this country. Thus. a mark of 5 in J is awarded. The planetary integrating mark is: ( 4+2+4+5+5+2+3+4+3+5 ) /10 = 3. 7 Factor K to O refers to the local reactivity mark. In factor K. since vesture is a sort of necessity so monetary value may non really different across state. Thus. a mark of 1 in K is awarded. In factor L. distribution channel are the same across states. Therefore. a mark of 1 in L is awarded. In factor M. as the industry ordinance has small difference in different are. Thus. a mark of 1 in A is awarded. In factor N. manner is about tendencies and client satisfaction. client is the chief function of the industry. a high customization is required. Therefore. a mark of 5 in N is awarded. In factor O. as houses normally produce in low-priced part and transportation to local shops. transit cost is non so different in different states. However. a client interface is needed to accommodate customers’ sentiment. Thus. a mark of 3 in O is awarded. The local reactivity mark: ( 1+1+1+5+3 ) /5 = 2. 2 Harmonizing to the mark sheet. as shown in the grid in appendix. H A ; M are suggested to follow planetary scheme. Mention Regner. P and Yildiz ( 2014 ) . H A ; M in fast manner: continued success? Researching scheme. pp. 575-582. Lasserre. Philipe ( 2007 ) . The planetary integration/local reactivity grid. Global strategic direction. pp. 25-30 Johnson. G. Whittington. R. Scholes. K ( 2012 ) . Fundamentalss of scheme. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Edinburgh Gate: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Understanding Different Types of Navy Ships

Understanding Different Types of Navy Ships The Navy has a large variety of ships in the fleet. The most well-known types are the aircraft carriers, submarines, and destroyers. The Navy operates worldwide from many bases. The large ships   aircraft carrier groups, submarines, and destroyers travel around the world. Smaller ships such as the Littoral Combat Ship are based near their place of operations. Learn more about the many types of Navy ships in the water today. Aircraft Carriers Aircraft carriers carry fighter aircraft and have runways allowing the aircraft to take off and land. A carrier has about 80 aircraft on board a powerful force when deployed. All current aircraft carriers are nuclear-powered. Americas aircraft carriers are the best in the world, carry the most planes and operate more efficiently than any other countries carriers. Submarines Submarines travel underwater and carry an array of weapons on board. Submarines are stealthy Navy assets for attacking enemy ships and missile deployment. A submarine may stay underwater on patrol for six months. Guided Missile Cruisers The Navy has 22 guided missile cruisers  that carry Tomahawks, Harpoons, and other missiles. These vessels are designed to provide defense against enemy aircraft and missiles.are designed to provide defense against enemy aircraft and missiles. Destroyers Destroyers are designed to provide land attack capability as well as air, water surface, and submarine defense capabilities. There are about 57 destroyers currently in use and several more under construction. Destroyers have massive weapons including missiles, large diameter guns, and small diameter weapons. One of the newest destroyers is the DDG-1000, which is designed to have a minimal crew while delivering a huge amount of power were ever deployed. Frigates Frigates are smaller offensive weapons carrying a 76 mm gun, Phalanx close-in weapons, and torpedoes. These are used for counterdrug operations and provide defensive capabilities when escorting other ships. Littoral Combat Ships (LCS) The Littoral Combat Ships are a newer breed of Navy ships providing the multi-mission capability. The LCS can change from mine hunting, unmanned boat and helicopter platforms and special operations warfare to reconnaissance practically overnight. The Littoral Combat Ships are designed to use a minimum number of crew members to lower the operating costs. Amphibious Assault Ships The amphibious assault ships provide the means for putting Marines on shore using helicopters and landing craft. Their primary purpose is facilitating Marine transport via helicopters so they have a large landing deck. The amphibious assault ships carry Marines, their equipment, and armored vehicles. Amphibious Transport Dock Ships Amphibious transport dock ships are used to carry Marines and landing craft for land assaults. These ships primary focus is landing craft based attacks. Dock Landing Ships Dock landing ships are a variation on the amphibious transport dock ships. These ships carry landing craft plus have maintenance and refueling abilities. Miscellaneous Ship Types Special purpose ships include command ships, coastal patrol boats, mine countermeasures ships, submarine tenders, joint high-speed vessels, Sea Fighters, submersibles, the  sailing frigate USS Constitution, oceanographic survey ships, and surveillance ships. The USS Constitution is the oldest ship in the US Navy and used for display and during flotillas. Small Boats Small boats are used for a variety of tasks including river operations, special operations craft, patrol boats, rigid hull inflatable boats, survey boats, and landing craft. Support Ships Support ships provide the necessary provisions that keep the Navy operates. There are combat stores on board them with supplies, food, repair parts, mail, and other goods. Then there are ammunition ships, fast combat support ships, cargo, and pre-positioned supply ships, rescue and salvage, tankers, tug boats, and hospital ships. The two Navy hospital ships are truly floating hospitals with emergency rooms, operating rooms, beds for recovering people, nurses, doctors, and dentists. These ships are used during wartime and for major natural disasters. The Navy employs a wide variety of ships, each with its own purpose and responsibilities. It has hundreds of ships from small ones to huge aircraft carriers.

The Profitability of Advertising on Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Profitability of Advertising on Media - Essay Example Putting an advert on radio will also depend on the radio station used, time, and the length of the advert. For WHOU FM the prices of putting a 30 seconds advert during the morning hours is 50$ per advert. The price is relatively highly due to the fact that most people in the US usually listen to the radio during the morning hours as they drive or ride to their places of work. Therefore, a company is likely to get more audience during this period of time as opposed to other periods during the day such as mid morning and afternoon (Katz 123). However, it should be noted that the rates get high again during the evening because his is the time when people are riding back to their homes, thus getting a chance of listening to the radio again.Prices of magazines depend on whether on is using a national magazine or local ones. The type of readers also affects the pricing. For a company to put an advert on VOGUE, they will have to pay $250,000 if they want a full-page advert. The price is hig h because of the fact that VOGUE is a national magazine. Furthermore, VOGUE is a women’s fashion magazine meaning that many women are likely to read it. However, the type of product or service being advertised will highly determine whether advertising on this magazine will be worth the cost. This is because this magazine will only be read by women who are interested in knowing what things are happening in the world of fashion (Peitz and Valletti 952). An automobile advert might be out of place for this magazine.

The U.S. financial system and its many complexities which are impacted Research Paper

The U.S. financial system and its many complexities which are impacted by several environmental factors, including federal regul - Research Paper Example The Federal Reserve situates the monetary policy of the nation in order to encourage the stable prices, objectives of highest employment, and reasonable interest rate for long-term basis. The biggest challenge for all the policy makers, is that pressure among the set goals might take place in short run as well as the information with respect to economy is accessible only with a delay and chances are that it might be inadequate. Financial markets assist in effectively directing the flow of investments and savings within the economy which facilitates the growth of capital along with production of products and services in different ways. The ideal blend of strong institutions and financial markets as well as different range of financial instruments and products, perfectly fits with the lenders and borrowers’ need and hence the entire economy. Financial Markets and Institutions A financial market includes bonds or trade stocks, an instrument includes derivatives and bank CDs and i nstitutions includes banks, insurance companies and funds. They all offer opportunities to investors so that they can specialize in diversify risks, specific market and/or services, or both and can exchange financial assets (Fabozzi, 2002). How Economy is affected by Monetary Policy? The preliminary connection in the chain among the economy and monetary policy is market for stability which takes place at Federal Reserve Banks. At reserve banks, depository institutions have their accounts, and they vigorously trade the balances which are kept in the accounts with an interest rate termed as federal funds rate. Federal Reserve has control on federal funds rate with an influence on demand and supply at Reserve Banks. Any change in expectation or in the rate of federal funds can affect other short and long term rate of interest, stock price and the value of dollar with respect to foreign exchange. This in turn affects spending decision of business and households which ultimately distress growth in the economy and aggregate demand. In Federal Reserve Act, the targets of monetary policy are shared which states that the Committee of Federal Open Market and the Board of Governors must look forward to encourage effectively the targets of highest employment rate along with stable prices and interest rates. When the prices are constant or stable and are expected to remain the same, inflation has no effect on the process of services, goods, labor and materials and thus helps in contributing in higher living standard. This also helps in capital formation by helping in saving because when threat of attrition of asset values minimized, business got the opportunity to invest more whereas households are encouraged for more saving. Influence of Interest Rate on U.S. and Global Financial Environment Interest rates are always been proposed as policy guide, not only they serve the role of spending decisions also because interest rates information is accessible on the basis of real- time. The proper level of rate of interest will differ with fiscal policy stance, changes in spending pattern of business and household, global economic development and productivity growth. Modifications in interest rate on long-term basis will affect on stock prices, which will create a remarkable effect on the wealth of household. Investors keep in line both their investment returns on

Conflict Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conflict - Coursework Example Relationship conflicts arise between two or more people. It can be between intimate relations or people from due to miscommunication, negative behavior and emotions and stereotype reasons. Larry Alan Nadig who is a family therapist, marriage and clinical psychologist there is no relationship that does not face conflicts. He also says that conflict in a relationship is not necessarily a bad thing. It can teach self-awareness; a person learns about his shortcomings such as communication problems and behavioral and relationship issues. It is often said that conflicts can also make relationships stronger. In a workplace however conflict is more of a negative thing which is why employers try their best to avoid such situations (Boles et al, 2001) According to recent findings conflict at work can also have a positive side (Tjosvold, 1991; Amason and Schweiger, 1994; Jehn, 1994, 1995; Van de Vliert and De Dreu, 1994; Pelled, 1996) for example task-related management team conflict which impr oves growth and overall performance in the organization (Eisenhardt and Schoonhoven, 1990). Data conflicts are raised due to misinformation, insufficiency of information that is required for making the right decision. Sometimes relevance of data is different for different people and so is the way it is collected and communicated. If the data possessed by two different parties is different there is a conflict of data between them. Interest conflicts come into play when two people have different interests because their needs differ from each other. These disputes might be related to issues of money, trust and resources (Thompson, 1993). Conflicts of interest (COI) are basically circumstances forming a risk that a professional decision can be effected by a secondary interest. These conflictscan also be called a conflict of duties. There are five types of conflicts of interest; self-dealing, outside employment, family interests, gifts from friends who are in the same business as them an d pump and dump in which stock brokers inflate prices of a security by spreading rumors about it according to his own interest. Structural conflicts occur due to geographic factors or time constraints. These may also happen because of inadequate physical resources or organizational changes. These types of conflicts have structural solutions if they are mediated in the right way. They are not in the control of the individuals and are caused mainly by external factors therefore solving these conflicts can require the help of external agents meaning anantagonist; a person who are not directly involved in the quarrel. This is the structural conflict theory; the people who have nothing to do with how the conflict started have to help resolve it. There are two types of structural conflicts; symmetrical and complementary schizogenesis. The first kind is one where a lot of negative thoughts and feelings lead to a structural breakdown between the two groups at odds. This leads to an eventual arms race. The second type is the opposite of this situation. Instead of being both parties being hostile the response is more submissive. Surprising as it may seem this scenario tends to escalate a conflict and is more of a compromise rather than being the solution to the problem. The fifth type of conflict is a conflict of values which occurs when individuals form a different group of beliefs or values are in opposition. The clash happens when one person tries to force his belief on the other person. This

Constructivism And Discovery Learning Education Essay

Constructivism And Discovery Learning Education Essay In 1960 Bruner published  The Process of Education. This was a landmark book which led to much experimentation and a broad range of educational programs in the 1960s. Howard Gardner and other young researchers worked under Bruner and were much-influenced by his work. In the early 70s Bruner left Harvard to teach at University of Oxford for several years (1972 1979). He returned to Harvard in 1979.   Later he joined the New York University of Law, where he is a senior research fellow (at the age of 93).   Theory   Bruner was one of the founding fathers of constructivist theory.Constructivism  is a broad conceptual framework with numerous perspectives, and Bruners is only one. Bruners theoretical framework is based on the theme that learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon existing knowledge. Learning is an active process. Facets of the process include selection and transformation of information, decision making, generating hypotheses, and making meaning from information and experiences.   Bruners theories emphasize the significance of categorization in learning. To perceive is to categorize, to conceptualize is to categorize, to learn is to form categories, to make decisions is to categorize. Interpreting information and experiences by similarities and differences is a key concept.   Bruner was influenced by  Piagets  ideas about cognitive development in children. During the 1940s his early work focused on the impact of needs, motivations, expectations (mental sets) and their influence on perception. He also looked at the role of strategies in the process of human categorization, and development of human cognition. He presented the point of view that children are active problem-solvers and capable of exploring difficult subjects. This was widely divergent from the dominant views in education at the time, but found an audience.   Four Key themes emerged in Bruners early work:   Bruner emphasized the role of structure in learning and how it may be made central in teaching. Structure refers to relationships among factual elements and techniques. See the section on categorization, below.   He introduced the ideas of readiness for learning and  spiral curriculum. Bruner believed that any subject could be taught at any stage of development in a way that fit the childs cognitive abilities. Spiral curriculum refers to the idea of revisiting basic ideas over and over, building upon them and elaborating to the level of full understanding and mastery.   Bruner believed that intuitive and analytical thinking should both be encouraged and rewarded. He believed the intuitive skills were under-emphasized and he reflected on the ability of experts in every field to make intuitive leaps.   He investigated motivation for learning. He felt that ideally, interest in the subject matter is the best stimulus for learning. Bruner did not like external competitive goals such as grades or class ranking.   Eventually Bruner was strongly influenced by Vygotskys writings and began to turn away from the intrapersonal focus he had had for learning, and began to adopt a social and political view of learning. Bruner argued that aspects of cognitive performance are facilitated by language. He stressed the importance of the social setting in the acquisition of language. His views are similar to those of  Piaget,  but he places more emphasis on the social influences on development. The earliest social setting is the mother-child dyad, where children work out the meanings of utterances to which they are repeatedly exposed. Bruner identified several important social devices including joint attention, mutual gaze, and turn-taking.   Bruner also incorporated Darwinian thinking into his basic assumptions about learning. He believed it was necessary to refer to human culture and primate evolution in order to understand growth and development. He did, however, believe there were individual differences and that no standard sequence could be found for all learners. He considered instruction as an effort to assist or shape growth.In 1996 he published The Culture of Education.. This book reflected his changes in viewpoints since the 1960s. He adopted the point of view that culture shapes the mind and provides the raw material with which we constrict our world and our self-conception.   Four features of Bruners theory of instruction.   1. Predisposition to learn. This feature specifically states the experiences which move the learner toward a love of learning in general, or of learning something in particular. Motivational, cultural, and personal factors contribute to this. Bruner emphasized social factors and early teachers and parents influence on this. He believed learning and problem solving emerged out of exploration. Part of the task of a teacher is to maintain and direct a childs spontaneous explorations.   2. Structure of knowledge.it is possible to structure knowledge in a way that enables the learner to most readily grasp the information. This is a relative feature, as there are many ways to structure a body of knowledge and many preferences among learners. Bruner offered considerable detail about structuring knowledge.   Understanding the fundamental structure of a subject makes it more comprehensible. Bruner viewed categorization as a fundamental process in the structuring of knowledge. (See the section below on categorization.)   Details are better retained when placed within the contest of an ordered and structured pattern.   To generate knowledge which is transferable to other contexts, fundamental principles or patterns are best suited.   The discrepancy between beginning and advanced knowledge in a subject area is diminished when instruction centers on a structure and principles of orientation. This means that a body of knowledge must be in a simple enough form for the learner to understand it and it must be in a form recognizable to the students experience.   3. Modes of representation: visual, words, symbols.   4. Effective sequencing- no one sequencing will fit every learner, but in general, increasing difficulty. Sequencing, or lack of it, can make learning easier or more difficult.   Form and pacing of reinforcement   Categorization:   Bruner gave much attention to categorization of information in the construction of internal cognitive maps. He believed that perception, conceptualization, learning, decision making, and making inferences all involved categorization.   Bruner suggested a system of coding in which people form a hierarchical arrangement of related categories. Each successively higher level of categories becomes more specific, echoing Benjamin Blooms understanding of knowledge acquisition as well as the related idea of instructional scaffolding (Blooms Taxonomy).   Categories  are rules that specify four thing about objects.   1. Criterial attributes required characteristics for inclusion of an object in a category. (Example, for an object to be included in the category car it must have an engine, 4 wheels, and be a possible means of transportation,   2. The second rule prescribes how the criteral attributes are combined.   3. The third rule assignees weight to various properties. (Example, it could be a car even if a tire was missing, and if it was used for hauling cargo it would be shifted to a different category of truck or perhaps van.   4. The fourth rule sets acceptance limits on attributes. Some attributes can vary widely, such as color. Others are fixed. For example a vehicle without an engine is not a car. Likewise, a vehicle with only two wheels would not be included in car.   There a several kinds of categories:   Identity categories categories include objects based on their attributes or features.   Equivalent categories (provide rules for combining categories. Equivalence can be determined by affective criteria, which render objects equivalent by emotional reactions, functional criteria, based on related functions (for example, car, truck, van could all be combined in an inclusive category called motor vehicle), or by formal criteria, for example by science, law, or cultural agreement. For example, and apple is still an apple whether it is green, ripe, dried, etc (identity). It is food (functional), and it is a member of of a botanical classification group (formal).   Coding systems  are categories serve to recognize sensory input. They are major organizational variables in higher cognitive functioning. Going beyond immediate sensory data involves making inferences on the basis of related categories. Related categories form a coding system. These are hierarchical arrangements of related categories.   Bruners theories introduced the idea that people interpret the world largely in terms of similarities and differences.   This is a significant contribution to how individuals construct their unique models of the world.   Application   Bruner emphasized four characteristics of effective instruction which emerged from his theoretical constructs.   1. Personalized: instruction should relate to learners predisposition, and facilitate interest toward learning,   2. Content Structure: content should be structured so it can be most easily grasped by the learner   3. Sequencing: sequencing is an important aspect for presentation of material   4. Reinforcement: rewards and punishment should be selected and paced appropriately.   Intellectual Development   Bruner postulated three stages of intellectual development.   The first stage he termed Enactive, when a person learns about the world through actions on physical objects and the outcomes of these actions.   The second stage was called Iconic where learning can be obtained through using models and pictures.   The final stage was Symbolic in which the learner develops the capacity to think in abstract terms. Based on this three-stage notion, Bruner recommended using a combination of concrete, pictorial then symbolic activities will lead to more effective learning.   Bruner, J. (1960). The Process of Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press   Harley, 1995   http://tip.psychology.org/bruner.html   LeFrancois, 1972   Sahakian, 1976 The Importance of Language Language is important for the increased ability to deal with abstract concepts.Bruner  argues that  language  can code stimuli and free an individual from the constraints of dealing only with appearances, to provide a more complex yet flexible cognition. The use of words can aid the development of the concepts they represent and can remove the constraints of the here now concept. Basically, he sees the infant as an intelligent active problem solver from birth, with intellectual abilities basically similar to those of the mature adult. According to Bruner the child represents the world to himself in three different ways. Educational Implications of Bruners Theory For Bruner (1961), the purpose of education is not to impart knowledge, but instead to facilitate a childs thinking and problem solving skills which can then be transferred to a range of situations. Specifically, education should also develop symbolic thinking in children. In 1960 Bruners text,  The Process of Education  was published. The main premise of Bruners text was that students are active learners who construct their own knowledge. Bruner (1960) opposed  Piagets  notion of readiness. He argued that schools waste time trying to match the complexity of subject material to a childs cognitive stage of development. This means students are held back by teachers as certain topics are deemed to difficult to understand and must be taught when the teacher believes the child has reached the appropriate state of cognitive maturity. Bruner (1960) adopts a different view and believes a child (of any age) is capable of understanding complex information:  We begin with the hypothesis that any subject can be taught effectively in some intellectually honest form to any child at any stage of development. (p. 33) Bruner (1960) explained how this was possible through the concept of the  spiral curriculum. This involved information being structured so that complex ideas can be taught at a simplified level first, and then re-visited at more complex levels later on. Therefore, subjects would be taught at levels of gradually increasing difficultly (hence the spiral analogy). Ideally teaching his way should lead to children being able to solve problems by themselves. Bruner (1961) proposes that learners construct their own knowledge and do this by organizing and categorizing information using a coding system. Bruner believe that the most effect way to develop a coding system is to discover it rather than being told it by the teacher. The concept of  discovery learning  implies that students construct their own knowledge for themselves (also known as a constructist approach). The role of the teacher should not be to teach information by rote learning, but instead to facilitate the learning process. This means that a good teacher will design lessons that help student discover the relationship between bits of information. To do this a teacher must give students the information they need, but without organizing for them. The use of the spiral curriculum can aid the process of  discovery learning. Bruner and Vygotsky Both Bruner and Vygotsky emphasise a childs environment, especially the social environment, more than Piaget did. Both agree that adults should play an active role in assisting the childs learning. Bruner, like Vygotksy, emphasised the social nature of learning, citing that other people should help a child develop skills through the process of  scaffolding. The term scaffolding first appeared in the literature when Wood, Bruner and Ross described how tutors interacted with pre-schooler to help them solve a block reconstruction problem (Wood et al., 1976). The concept of scaffolding is very similar to  Vygotskys  notion of the  zone of proximal development, and it not uncommon for the terms to be used interchangeably.Scaffolding  involves helpful, structured interaction between an adult and a child with the aim of helping the child achieve a specific goal. Difference Between Bruner and Piaget Obviously there are similarities between  Piaget  and Bruner, but an importantdifference  is that Bruners modes are not related in terms of which presuppose the one that precedes it. Whilst sometimes one mode may dominate in usage, they co-exist. Bruner states that what determines the level of intellectual development is the extent to which the child has been given appropriate instruction together with practice or experience. So the right way of presentation and the right explanation will enable a child to grasp a concept usually only understood by an adult. His theory stresses the role of education and the adult. Although  Bruner proposes  stages of cognitive development, he doesnt see them as representing different separate modes of thought at different points of development (like Piaget). Instead, he sees a gradual development of cognitive skills and techniques into more integrated adult cognitive techniques. Bruner views  symbolic representation  as crucial for cognitive development and since language is our primary means of symbolizing the world, he attaches great importance to language in determining cognitive development. BRUNER AGREES WITH PIAGET BRUNER DISAGREES WITH PIAGET 1. Children are PRE-ADAPTED to learning 1. Development is a CONTINUOUS PROCESS not a series of stages 2. Children have a NATURAL CURIOSITY 2. The development of LANGUAGE is a cause not a consequence of cognitive development 3. Childrens COGNITIVE STRUCTURES develop over time 3. You can SPEED-UP cognitive development. You dont have to wait for the child to be ready 4. Children are ACTIVE participants in the learning process 4. The involvement of ADULTS and MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE PEERS makes a big difference 5. Cognitive development entails the acquisition of SYMBOLS 5. Symbolic thought does NOT REPLACE EARLIER MODES OF REPRESENTATION

Deep Ecology Essay -- essays research papers

Deep Ecology/Ecosophy The ideas behind deep ecology have major implications today. They allow people to think more profoundly about the environment and possibly come to a better understanding of their own meaning. People are intensely concerned about the world’s technological adolescence, massive consumerism, and overpopulation. A man named Arne Naess, former head of the philosophy department at the University of Oslo founded an idea that can direct people’s anxiety away from their "shallow" notion of the problem to one that is much "deeper." "Deep ecology goes beyond the limited piecemeal shallow approach to environmental problems and attempts to articulate a comprehensive religious and philosophical worldview." (EE p.145) In its most basic form, deep ecology is a wisdom, an ecosophy, which requires humans to see themselves as part of the bigger picture. Naess, Devall, and Sessions outline basic principles of deep ecology in their writing. Furthermor e, they address the roles that scientific ecology plays as well as the concept of self-realization. Aside from these ideas, ecosabotage needs to be discussed in terms of how it fits with the practice of deep ecology. The basic principles of deep ecology as characterized by the authors mentioned, show us what is supposedly wrong with the world and also give us a framework by which we can make a change. In fact, Naess and Sessions went camping in Death Valley, California in order to gain a different perspective. They condensed fifteen years their thought on the topic of deep ecology in an effort to make it appeal to people from all kinds of backgrounds. They also emphasize that these principles must all be considered together. The first principle states that the value of life, human or non-human, is intrinsic. This means that everything about it is valuable, including individuals, species, populations, habitat, and culture. When considering non-human life, it important to remember that deep ecology likes to include that which can be classified as non-living such as bodies of water and landscapes. Essentially, "the presence of inherent value in a natural object is independent of any awareness, interest, or appreciation of it by a conscious being." (EE p.147)  ... ...sp;Deep ecology makes a good deal of sense. Before learning about this, shallow ecology seemed legitimate. Clearly, the principles behind deep ecology could be far more productive than anything practiced today. Some will argue that complete acceptance of deep ecology is absurd. Completely neglecting our anthropocentric perspective means that we have forgotten where we stand in the whole picture. We have been around a short while in comparison with life of the earth. It could easily go through another dramatic climatic shift and we would be history, and probably succeeded by a new form of life. The point is that humans share something valuable. Of course it is anthropocentric and it is worth saving. The other issue that seems debatable is the current state of economics and the market. These writing by Naess and company are somewhat dated and much has changed since then with the advent of the Internet. Is global village really such a bad thing if we use it properly? Deep ecology wa nts to preserve cultures and independent economies. I do not know which side to join at this point in time. I want to believe in most of what deep ecology holds true, however some issues make me uncertain.

Attitude Toward Power Essay

Both Ulysses and Macbeth were able to gain power of kingship, but the way they gained the powers are different. In this essay I am going to compare how they regard power, both differently and similarly. I intend to use Heinemann, (1994), version of Macbeth by Shakespeare and the class handout of Ulysses. The main focus of Macbeth will be from Act1 Scene 7, lines 1-28 and Act 2 Scene 1, line 33-61, whilst I will also take account of other related part throughout the play. Since Lord Tennyson and William Shakespeare are from different era in the history, their perspective of the world will be different, therefore I will also mention about Shakespeare’s and Lord Tennyson’s different perspective towards power and language they used. Most great writers reflect their attitude to life on their work, so it is important to consider the social and historical background of the Jacobeans- the time when Shakespeare wrote the play, and the Victorian time, when Lord Tennyson was alive. In Victorian times, Britain was a powerful country. There were unlimited opportunities for mainly the upper class people to broaden their knowledge by going to new places and experience the foreign cultures. When Lord Tennyson wrote this poem, he was grieving over his best friend’s death. By writing this poem he was able to express his emotional feeling as well as to persuade him to let it go. He also had the opportunities to tell people that it is â€Å"never too late to seek a newer world†. For examples, Ulysses’ new world would be the after life world and Lord Tennyson’s new world would be the world without his best friend. At the end of Macbeth, the moral we get is that never to cross the line of Divine Order. During Jacobean time, they believed that the duty of the King is chosen by God: They believed that every living organism has an order and it is decided by God, this is call the Divine Order. If one decides to go against the Divine Order, like killing the King to be the monarchy himself then, he had done something that is very morbid during the Jacobeans: going against God. Shakespeare tried show that by the cost of Macbeth have to face after he had murdered the King, one example is that he lost his respects from his courtiers and at the end he was all by himself. Jacobeans were also very superstitious; they believed that witches are evil because they worship demon, so if there was a plague or a natural disaster, they blamed on the witches: they are first put to trials and then was executed, mainly hanged or burned. Because Shakespeare made Macbeth associate with the witches by talking and worse of all trusting them, that made Macbeth evil. Shakespeare did this to please his King, King James, as he was against the supernatural and was able help King James to spread the evilness of the witches through his play. The poem, â€Å"Ulysses† started by a slow rhythm. Lord Tennyson managed this by using the words with long vowels such as, â€Å"hoard, and sleep, and feed†. These words give us the sense of dullness and mundane, which was how Ulysses feels at the beginning. However, as we go further down the poem, the dullness was decrease as he started to talk about his adventurous days.

Cretaceous Period Essay Example

Cretaceous Period Essay Example Cretaceous Period Essay Cretaceous Period Essay The Cretaceous period was 144-65 million years ago. It was the last period of the Mesozoic era. The Cretaceous period was first defined by a Belgian geologist named Jean d’Omalius d’Halloy in 1882, using the strata in the Paris Basin and named for the extensive beds of chalk (calcium carbonate deposited by shells of marine invertebrates, principally coccoliths), found in the upper Cretaceous of Europe. The name Cretaceous was derived from latin creta, meaning chalk. The name of the island, Crete, has the same origin. The Cretaceous period had a relatively warm climate and high eustatic sea level. The oceans and seas were populated with now extinct marine reptiles and on the land, dinosaurs. And at the same time mammals, birds, and flowering plants appeared. Flowering plants spread during this period although they did not become predominant until the Campanian stage near the end of the epoch. Therid evolution was aided by the first appearance of bees. At the same time, some earlier Mesozoic gymnosperms like Conifers continued to thrive. On land, mammals were a small and still relatively minor component of the fauna. The fauna was dominated by the Archosaurian reptiles, especially dinosaurs which were the most diverse. Pterosaurs were common in the early and middle time of the period, but as the Cretaceous proceeded they faced growing competition from the radiation of birds, and by the end by the end of the period, only tow specialized families remained. During the Cretaceous, insects began to diversify, and the oldest known ants, termites, butterflies, moths, grasshoppers and wasps appeared. In the seas, rays, modern sharks and teleosts became common. Marine reptiles such as the ichthysosaurs were in the early to middle time of the Cretaceous, plesiosaurs throughout the entire period, and mososaurs in the late Cretaceous. There was a progressive decline in biodiversity during the Maastrichtian stage of the Cretaceous period prior to the suggested ecological crisis induced by the events of the mass extinction. Biodiversity required a substantial amount of time to recover from the events of the mass extinction, despite the probable extinction of many species. Despite the severity of this boundary event, there was a significant variability in the rate of extinction between and within different fossils. Species which depended on photosynthesis declined or became extinct due to the reduction of solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface because of atmospheric particles blocking the way of sunlight. Evidence suggests that herbivorous animals, which depended on plants as their food, died out because as their food sources became scarce. Consequently, top predators, such as the Tyrannosaurus Rex also perished.

Fashion has been seen a device for confining women essays

Fashion has been seen a device for confining women essays BA Hons Technical Effects for the Performing Arts Fashion has been seen as a device for confining women to an inferior social order. (Finkelstein, J. 1996 After a Fashion Melbourne: Melbourne University Press p.56) Why? Do you accept these arguments. Illustrate your argument with reference to specific examples. The male and female body shapes are physically different, therefore clothing for each gender has to be tailored to fit these variations. Womens clothing generally incorporates more darts to accommodate the bust and hips, while mens clothing has a more rectangular shape to cover their less curvaceous body. If these curve accommodating darts are the only adjustments necessary to make male clothing fit females, we have to ask why men and womens fashions have been so different throughout history? Can different still obtain equality? Are women confined to a lower social order? If so, what confines them? There are many different views to these questions, but no right or wrong answers, just opinions. I will be discussing some of these opinions, as well as contributing my own to help give a broader view of how, and indeed if fashion has been a device for confining women to an inferior social order (Finkelstein, 1996 p.56) The main reason for our fashions being so different is because we define ourselves as being male or female through a system of opposition (Schreier, 1989 p.4). Our fashions have therefore served to divide us through accentuating the physical differences. Men are expected to conform to wearing clothing that is deemed by the society in which they live to be masculine, and women, feminine, for example, during the 1950s men wore suits that comprised of trousers and a hard-edged jacket to accentuate their broad shoulders and in turn their physical strength. During most eras the requirements for feminine fashions were garments that ...

Sport Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sport Diplomacy - Essay Example Sport provides a tool for governments to preserve and reinforce their international cohesion and retain their international prestige, and that is the main reason why the majority of states consider their participation in the Olympic Games mandatory, using the latter as an opportunity to enhance their economic and cultural images and to deliver political messages (Jaffe and Nebenzahl, 2006, p.68). Sport as well reflects trends occurring in ideological politics (Jaffe and Nebenzahl, 2006, p.71). As vividly explained by Jaffe and Nebenzahl (2006), during 1924 Olympic Games US rugby football team experienced significant aggression, which illustrated the German propaganda, impact of international politics on public opinion and the reversing side of sport events as diplomatic tool, a counter-diplomatic in this particular case (Jaffe and Nebenzahl, 2006, p.71). Furthermore, sport constitutes a mirror for international conflicts, relations, dilemmas and solutions, since one has only to take a look on the images and representations from big international competitions like The Football World Cup or the Olympic Games to identify depending on the historical period a certain national pride (the United States during most of the Olympic Games) or national malaise (Iraq Olympic Team in the last two Olympic Games). This particular paper aims to examine different situations on how sport is used as a part of political diplomatic strategy and how communicative tactics are utilized to enhance application of sports as a diplomatic and political tool. The first part of the paper discusses the role and scope of sport diplomacy, and communication and ethical dimensions of sport diplomacy. Simultaneously, the second part examines the origin of sport...From the theoretical perspective, sport diplomacy is defined as the utilization of sport to pursue political objectives (Senn, 1999, p.35). The scope of sport diplomacy ultimately depends on what political objectives should be met, therefore, sport diplomacy can be used as a tool of state internal affairs or a method aimed to enhance or worsen diplomatic relations between countries. Analyzing the application of sport as a diplomatic tool, it is necessary to emphasize that for many nations sports have served as a form of national identity. Successes by individuals have become symbolic of the nation (Ilmarinen, 1984, p.9). It seems that international sporting activities have been especially important when nations were either struggling for independence or consolidation (Lowe et al, 1978, p.51). As an example of the national importance of sport achievements, one can refer to the medals received by the South Korean athletes in the Seoul Olympics (Guttman, 1992, p.43). Their medals were regarded as valuable and signified national prestige in the country, which during that period was trying to i mprove its international and economic status. One might rationalize that sport diplomacy plays an important role in enhancing the social mobility of underdeveloped countries in the international arena. It would seem that the nationalistic character of sport diplomacy has become even more important to developed nations. The historical facts which identify the close relationship between sport diplomacy and political ideology are abundant

Takehome midterm Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Takehome midterm - Assignment Example Bus on the other hand reasons that males get jealous due to physical cheating since he may not be certain about the paternity of the child born out of the relationship. Therefore, the thought of not being the father is laced with jealousy. On the part of women, emotional jealousy springs up if the woman is not sure about protection of resources for the children. According to these thinkers and scholars, the brain is configured with inbuilt with innate or unchangeable parts or forms of computational intuitions. This is to say that human beings are born with some skewed form intelligence which is to imply that human minds are pre-disposed with some form of knowledge. For instance, if a person is born, he or she would intuitively know what plants, people, non-living things, living things are. However, if a physical impact or injury is occasioned to the brain, then it would mean that the brain would be in a position to recall all the things that it had learnt and knew prior to the injury. This is to imply that a brain damage or injury cannot erase all the things and concepts that the brain knew prior to the injury on it. 3) Pinker and Tomasello both address the issue of poverty of stimulus when trying to explain language acquisition. How does it support Pinker’s view, and what does Tomasello have to say about Pinker’s argument? According to Pinker, human brains are innately and unequipped with the ability of them to speak languages even if the people are not necessarily the taught. This is to say once a person is born, he or she would have the instinctive ability to speak a language regardless of the geographic environment in which the person is born into. According to his line of thoughts and arguments, a child once born would have the ability to speak instinctive languages, but since their brains develop, it becomes difficult for their developing brains to grow accordingly since there are not educated on